欧亚国际

摘要

在欧洲，大多数温室蔬菜作物都生长在土壤中。在使用无土系统的地方，除荷兰、比利时和法国外，大多采用自由排水系统，营养液不会在其中循环。土壤种植和自由排水无土系统通常都含有大量硝酸盐（NO3）−) 浸出损失。灌溉是造成NO3浸出损失的主要因素。温室蔬菜作物的灌溉管理需要改进，以减少地下水和地表水体的可观氮损失。本文回顾了现有或正在开发的优化温室内土壤和无土蔬菜作物灌溉管理的最新方法和工具。综述了FAO56方法在计算作物需水量时对温室条件和种植周期的适应性。注意（i）Penman–Monteith FAO56方程和计算参考作物蒸散量（ETO）的简单方程的各种适应性的发展和适用性，以及（ii）计算温室条件下作物系数（Kc）值的方程，其中的种植周期可能与室外作物的种植周期有明显不同。综述了用于温室作物的各类土壤/基质水分传感器的一般适用性和实际应用。考虑了它们在土壤和基质中的应用，盐度对土壤的影响，使用一些传感器测量生长介质的盐度。综述了各种植物传感器在温室条件下蔬菜作物上的应用。本文一项调查评估了欧洲温室蔬菜作物在土壤和无土生产中使用不同（a）类型的灌溉系统和（b）灌溉管理方法的情况。在修订这些信息之后，就现有工具和技术的科学和实用价值提出了建议，以帮助种植者优化温室蔬菜作物的灌溉管理。

Irrigation management of European greenhouse vegetable crops

Abstract

In Europe, most greenhouse vegetable crops are grown in soil. Where soilless systems are used, apart from in The Netherlands, Belgium and France, they are mostly free-draining systems, in which nutrient solutions are not recirculated. Both soil-grown and free-draining soilless systems commonly have large nitrate (NO3−) leaching loss. Irrigation is a major contributing factor to NO3− leaching loss. Irrigation management of greenhouse vegetable crops needs to be improved to reduce the appreciable N loss to subterranean water and surface water bodies. This article reviews the state-of-the-art, of methods and tools that are available, or are being developed, to optimise irrigation management of both soil- and soilless-grown vegetable crops in greenhouses. Adaptions for greenhouse conditions and cropping cycles of the FAO56 approach to calculate crop water requirements are reviewed. Attention is paid to (i) the developments and suitability of various adaptations of the Penman–Monteith FAO56 equation and simpler equations to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO), and (ii) equations to calculate crop coefficient (Kc) values under greenhouse conditions, in which cropping cycles may differ appreciably from those of outdoor crops. The various classes of soil/substrate moisture sensors that have been used in greenhouse crops are reviewed, regarding their general suitability and practical use. Their use in both soil and substrate is considered, as are the effects of salinity and the use of some sensors to measure the salinity of the growing media. The use of various plant sensors with vegetable crops under greenhouse conditions is reviewed. The results of a survey that assessed, for greenhouse vegetable crops in Europe, the use of different (a) types of irrigation systems, and (b) irrigation management methods, for both soil and soilless production are presented. Following the revision of this information, recommendations are made regarding the scientific and practical value of the available tools and technologies to aid growers to optimise irrigation management of vegetable crops grown in greenhouses.